Freshwater ecosystems, covering less than 1% of Earth's surface, support approximately 10% of all known species and provide essential ecosystem services to billions of people worldwide. Climate change poses unprecedented threats to freshwater biodiversity through rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, extreme weather events, and cascading ecological effects. This article examines the multifaceted impacts of climate change on freshwater biodiversity, analyzing current trends, mechanisms of impact, and consequences for ecosystem functioning. Through synthesis of recent research, this paper identifies critical vulnerabilities in freshwater systems and discusses potential adaptation and mitigation strategies to protect these vital ecosystems and their biodiversity.