The present study examines rainfall variability and its relationship with agricultural performance in selected districts of Karnataka. Using mean rainfall, standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CV) and correlation analysis, the study assesses rainfall instability and its implications for crop productivity and agricultural income. The findings reveal that Ballari (30.89%) and Raichur (30.72%) experience relatively higher rainfall variability, whereas Davanagere (22.06%) exhibits comparatively stable rainfall conditions. Correlation analysis indicates a strong positive relationship between rainfall and crop productivity (r = 0.74, p less than 0.01) and agricultural income (r = 0.81, p less than 0.01). Conversely, rainfall variability has a significant negative association with crop yield (r = -0.68, p less than 0.05). The study highlights the importance of irrigation development, water conservation, crop diversification and climate-resilient agricultural practices to reduce rainfall-related vulnerability and promote sustainable agricultural development in Karnataka.