Emerging economies face unique challenges in transitioning to sustainable energy systems amid growing demand, infrastructural deficits, and socioeconomic disparities. This paper develops a comprehensive framework that integrates theoretical insights and practical policy pathways to facilitate sustainable energy transitions tailored to these contexts. It examines key energy transition theories and models, highlights the roles of regulatory, financial, and market-based policy instruments, and emphasizes the importance of governance and institutional capacity. The study identifies critical pathways including renewable energy integration, energy efficiency, and diversified financing, while also addressing major implementation gaps such as institutional fragmentation, equity concerns, and technical constraints. Strategic implications underscore the need for integrated, adaptive policymaking that balances environmental sustainability with economic growth and social inclusion. The framework offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to overcome barriers, enhance coordination, mobilize investment, and promote inclusive participation. By fostering innovation, resilience, and equity, this study provides a roadmap for emerging economies to accelerate their sustainable energy transitions and contribute to global climate goals.